- Surface
* Ideally the land is slightly sloped or levelled enough for the water to distribute evenly over the surface.
* Suitable for closely spaced crops, with deep roots and growing rice in paddy field
* There are four major surface irrigation types:Basin,Border,Furrow,Bankless
* Basin irrigation is the most common form of surface irrigation, particularly in regions with layout of small fields.
* A basin is typically square in shape, but exists in all sorts of irregular and rectangular configurations.
* A large plot of land is levelled finitely to a dead level surface and contained on all sides by a level, bank or berm.
2. Border
* Border or flood irrigation is an extension of basin irrigation to sloping, long rectangular or contoured field shapes, with free draining conditions at the lower end.
* These systems divide the paddock into bays separated by parallel ridges/border checks. The sloping area to be wetted is contained by berms spaced 60-120 cm apart
* Sloping borders are suitable for nearly any crop (orchards, vineyards, pastures and grain crops), except for those that require prolonged ponding.
* Soils which have moderately low to moderately high intake rates can be efficiently irrigated with this technique.
*Avoids flooding the entire field surface by channelling the flow along the primary direction of the field using furrows, creases or corrugations.
*Furrows are generally straight, but may also be curved to follow the contour of the land
*Furrows provide better on-farm water management flexibility under many surface irrigation conditions.
*Ideal for row crops and also widely used in horticulture.
*This has become the layout of choice for all new flood irrigation layouts for growing rice and the associated rotation winter crops such as cereals and canola.
*Some pasture has also been grown.
*The layout utilises channel below ground level for both supply and drainage.
*The layout also utilises high flow rates of water, and if managed well has minimal surface drainage of the field.
*The layout is similar to basin irrigation in that it uses large sized bays, but Bankless requires a slope for drainage.
*The layout is a similar shape and size to border check irrigation bays, however the Bankless channels bays are across the slope.
*There is quite a lot of potential for this layout to be used with most crops with the advantages of quick water on and off, good drainage and low labour inputs.
- Sprinkler
*A sprinkler irrigation system has the following components: pump, filter, control valves, injection unit, a network of pipes with various sizes and emitters.
*The emitter can be an agricultural sprinkler (impact sprinkler, full & part circle sprinklers), a heavy duty/big gun sprinkler or a traveller equipment which can be centre pivot, lateral/linear move, hard or soft hose traveller
*Sprinkler systems can be used to irrigate almost any crops (row crops, broad acre crops) on a wide range of soil types and topography when application rates are matched to soil infiltration rate.
*Set systems can be periodic move or permanent system *The design of the sprinkler system should minimise the potential for negative outcomes such as runoff, deep percolation, excessive evaporation, under application and excessive energy use, therefore the system design is very important.
*They can be set systems or continuous move irrigation systems*Periodic move, are suited for areas requiring irrigation no more than every five to seven days.
*For frequent irrigations, permanent/set/fixed or continuously moving systems are more adoptable.
Set system
*Hand move sprinkler systems are a series of light weight pipeline (aluminium, plastic or layflat) sections that are moved manually from one zone to the other
*Hand move sprinkler irrigation systems are normally the lowest cost sprinkler systems which offer growers flexibility and are the easiest systems to maintain.
*In a typical hand move sprinkler irrigation system a mainline is installed from the pump to the field where a submain breaks the field into small blocks.
*The submain has a series of hydrants with take-off valves to provide water to the lateral.
*The mainlines can be either aluminium above ground or buried PVC.
*The submain and laterals are aluminium pipes with couplers and fittings made of aluminium or galvanised steel.
*The couples and fittings (because of the gaskets) allow the pipes to be easily drained, un-coupled, moved and re-coupled
3. Permanent *The permanent sprinkler system is designed for a specific field and crop.
*The couples and fittings (because of the gaskets) allow the pipes to be easily drained, un-coupled, moved and re-coupled
*After a section of the field has been irrigated, the hydrants are closed and the laterals are drained and carried to the next position.
2 .Side roll
*The side roll sprinkler system is a mechanically moved version of a hand move system with wheels mounted on the pipeline.
*It doesn't move while irrigating. Side roll is a set irrigation system that is moved from position to position between irrigation zones.
*The movement can be through dragging or by a driven unit (i.e. by a small fuel engine).
*It designed to be used on crops like vegetables, potatoes, soy beans, forage crops, wheat, barley, etc. The side roll is limited to crops under 1 m in height. *It is best suited for level fields that are square or rectangular.
*Can be used on a single field or on side by side fields where the lateral can be moved directly from one field to the other.
*The system cost is higher than for the hand move system mainly because the installation cost is higher.
*Once the system is installed, the labour requirement is minimal
*In a typical permanent system, all mainlines, submains and laterals are buried and permanently installed.
*These pipe lines are most often rubber ring joined PVC pipes.
*Permanent or solid set systems typically use low output single or double nozzle impact sprinklers, full or part circle or can have heavy duty/ big gun sprinklers for large areas
4 .Horse move
*Hose move sprinkler system is an improvement on the conventional piped hand moved systems and combines some features of semi-permanent installations with those of permanent ones.
*It is a system with low capital cost, easy installation and easy shifting suitable for all types of terrain.
*They are usually used for pasture irrigation on undulating/hilly topography.
Continuos System
Continuos System
*Also, it's the most suitable irrigation equipment for effluent irrigation
*Provides a uniform depth of water application of the entire field
*Applies water, under low pressure, from a continuously moving lateral pipe supported by a series of towers/spans which do not require connecting or disconnecting to water mainlines. The lateral is supported by towers and cables or trusses which move on wheel track or skid support units
*Water is delivered to the pivot point usually through buried mainline pipe.
*The water enters the system at the pivot point
*Linear or lateral move systems are similar to centre pivot systems, except that the towers move in a continuous straight path across a rectangular field
*The system moves (back and forth) in one straight line to cover either a square, a long rectangular or L shaped fields
*Water is fed into one end of the linear move system by either hydrants or directly from a canal with a pump on the end of the line.
* Generally they have their own power source
*Wheels can be rotated by 90º for moving the machine from one field to another
*Sandy soils also suited to these systems
*The Traveller is a continuous move irrigation system that uses a big gun sprinkler or a boom mounted on a wheel or trailer, fed by a flexible hose or by a soft hose, which is on a reel or on a spoon
*The hose is run-out and during operation, the stationary hose reel rotates rolling the hard hose back onto the reel, puling the sprinkler/boom back to the machine - Hard Hose/Boom Traveller - or the four wheel stance with the sprinkler is moving back on a stainless steel or galvanized cable - Soft Hose Traveller -. They are powered track or wheeled vehicles that tow a high pressure flexible hose connected to the water supply main pipeline. Based of the type of the flexible hose, they are called Hard Hose - hose tow - or Soft Hose Travellers - cable tow - (HHT or SHT).
*The travellers are best suited to agricultural fields with coarse soils having high intake rates and to crops providing good ground cover.
*They are very popular and effective machines for irrigating pasture, fodder crops, vegetables and practically any field crops.
*They are not that expensive, easy to operate and move.
*It is suitable for waste water applications, as well
- Sub surface
*Sub surface irrigation is used both for agricultural and landscaping irrigation. It is suitable for treated waste water applications.
Ditches & channels
Ditches & channels
*This irrigation type is only a theoretical/academic 'irrigation' concept, assuming that if the ditch or channel is filled with water, lateral movement of the water will penetrate horizontally, providing water to the crops along the ditch. Undeground  *It is the slow, frequent application of water to the soil profile directly to the root zone of plants, beneath the soil surface. Allows the precise application of water, nutrients and other chemicals. *Properly managed SDI systems wet the root zone uniformly through the field while maintaining a dry soil surface.  *These tubes are small sized (about 16 mm) thin walled porous flexible hoses made from polyethylene (PE) fibres, PVC or rubber. *They permit water and nutrients under low pressure to pass from inside the tube by transpiration and irrigate the crops. *It is more common and mostly used in the landscaping irrigation than in the agricultural irrigation.
*Micro irrigation is a low volume, low pressure irrigation system type. Includes all methods of frequent water application in small flow rates on or below the soil surface. *In general micro irrigation systems are classified by the type of emitter used in the system, drip (trickle, tape, bubbler) or micro sprinkler (micro sprinklers, micro spray, micro jet, pulsator) irrigation technologies.  *Drips/trickles are generally single outlet devices positioned at the tree or plant root zone along a polyethylene (PE) lateral line.  *Bubbler irrigation is not usual in agricultural irrigation. *Bubblers typically apply water on a 'per plant' basis and are very similar to the point source external emitters in shape but differ in performance. *Low pressure bubblers are designed for localised 'flood' irrigation of small areas. *Most bubbler heads are used for tree (1 or 2 per tree), planter boxes and landscape applications. 3.Micro Sprinkler System  *Micro sprinklers or mini sprinklers are small plastic sprinklers of low capacity with flow rates less than 300 L/hr. * Suitable for wide range of row crops (tree crops and vegetables) that require a medium to low flow irrigation system with optimal clog-free capacity and exceptional distribution uniformity.  *Micro sprayers are small, non-rotating sprinklers with flow rates ranging from 20-150 L/hr and the radius of 1.0-3.0 m. *The shape of the wetted area varies depending on the type of the spray used * Thes are mostly used in tree crops. *usually placed one per tree 0.30-0.50 m apart or between the trees.  *Micro jets apply water at higher rates than drippers along a band of soil along the row, have no moving parts and there is a limit to their distance of throw *They are fixed to small plastic wedges 20-30 cm above ground and they are connected to the PE laterals with 7-9 mm flexible plastic tubes 60-120 cm long, usually placed one per tree 30-50 cm apart.  *Pulsator irrigation is the most innovative development in micro irrigation *The pulsator combines the advantages of pressure compensation, the low volume flow of an emitter and the increased wetted diameter of a sprayer. *Pulsators are small plastic, hydraulic devices used in micro irrigation systems to reduce emitter and system flow rates to very low levels for higher efficiencies. | |||||||
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